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1. Arrival in Madinah and the hospitality of the Ansar.
When the Prophet (ﷺ) entered Madinah, the entire city was filled with joy and celebration. Children welcomed him by singing songs. The people of Madinah had been waiting eagerly, like thirsty birds, to welcome their beloved leader.
2. Construction of Masjid Quba.
At the entrance of Madinah, the Prophet (ﷺ) stayed for a few days in a place called Quba. There, he built a mosque. This is considered the first mosque in Islam
3. Staying at the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (RA).
After staying in Quba for a few days, the Prophet (ﷺ) entered the city of Madinah. The streets of Madinah were filled with joy and celebration. Everyone wished that the Prophet (ﷺ) would stay in their home. However, the Prophet (ﷺ) said he would stay wherever his camel stopped. The camel continued walking until it stopped at a place closest to the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (RA). He stayed there for some time.
4. Construction of Masjid an-Nabawi.
Upon arriving in Madinah, one of the Prophet's (ﷺ) first tasks was to build a central mosque—which later became known as Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque).
The land chosen by the Prophet (ﷺ) for Masjid an-Nabawi belonged to two orphan boys named Sahl and Suhayl. He purchased the land from them at a fair price and personally took part in the construction of the mosque. During the building work, he carried bricks and stones himself.
This mosque became the center of Muslim society: Ibadah (worship), Dawah (proselytization/invitation to Islam), governance, education, and justice were all conducted here.
5. Mu’akhat – Establishment of brotherhood.
The Prophet (ﷺ) established the bond of brotherhood (Mu’akhat) between the Muhajirun (emigrants) and the Ansar (helpers) in Madinah. He gathered them in a meeting and organized this system of brotherhood. In that gathering, there were about 45 Muhajirun and 45 Ansar. Each Muhajir was paired with an Ansar as a “brother.” Through this, their living arrangements, financial support, and residential security were ensured. This brotherhood was not only social support but also played a fundamental role in building a united Islamic society under the leadership of the Prophet (ﷺ).
The Charter of Madinah (Constitution of Madinah)
In Madinah, a treaty was signed by the Prophet (ﷺ) with the Jewish tribes to establish a disciplined social structure for the Islamic state, ensuring their cooperation and mutual understanding regarding the growing strength of the community. This became known as the Charter of Madinah.
The Charter of Madinah, granted by the Prophet (ﷺ), was a historic treaty that established peace, justice, and mutual responsibility among the various groups of Madinah—including the Muslim Muhajirun and Ansar, the Jewish tribes, and other clans. The Charter of Madinah has become a model for Islamic political and social systems. It consisted of 47 clauses.
6. Permission for fighting and the concept of Ghazwah and Sariyah.
After the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his Companions to Madinah, the persecution, conspiracies, and constant threats from the Quraysh did not come to an end. The Quraysh of Makkah were not limited to mockery and social boycott; they strategically surrounded the Muslim community and continued to threaten them with attacks, pursuit, and even killing. As a result, the believers could no longer remain in a state of patience alone; it became necessary to protect themselves, their families, and the newly established Muslim society under the leadership of the Prophet (ﷺ).
In this real context, Allah the Exalted granted the Muslims the right of self-defense and permission for limited fighting (Qital), so that they could build resistance against the ongoing persecution and threats to their lives.
Verses of the Quran (Surah Al‑Hajj, 22:39)
“Permission ˹to fight˺ has been given to those against whom war is being wrongfully waged, because they have been oppressed. And surely Allah is Most Capable of giving them victory.”
(Sources: the Quran, Surah Al‑Hajj 22:39
After a long period of persecution, Allah granted the Muslims permission for self-defense. This was a just measure to resist oppression.
Ghazwah and Sariyah
The term Ghazwah (غزوة) refers to those military expeditions during the Islamic era in which the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) personally led and directly participated.
On the other hand, Sariyah (سرية) refers to those expeditions in which another Companion or commander was appointed to lead on behalf of the Prophet (ﷺ), while the Prophet himself did not participate in them.
7. The Battle of Badr.
In the 2nd year after Hijrah, the Battle of Badr took place. With only 313 Companions, the Muslims fought against 1,000 disbelievers. The victory of the Muslims in this battle was a remarkable event in history. Allah sent angels to assist the believers in this victory.
The Holy Qur’an discusses this battle in detail.
8. The Battle of Uhud..
After the Battle of Badr, the Quraysh of Makkah became extremely angry and driven by a desire for revenge. Many of their leaders had been killed in the Battle of Badr, which was a great humiliation for them. They decided to launch another attack on the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and the Muslims in order to take revenge for Badr.
In the 3rd year after Hijrah, this battle took place at the foot of Mount Uhud between the Muslims and the Quraysh. At the beginning, the Muslims were close to victory, but the situation changed when the group of archers left their position. The Prophet (ﷺ) was injured, and many Companions were martyred.
9. The Battle of the Trench (Al-Ahzab)
After the Battle of Uhud, seeing the growing strength of the Islamic state, the polytheists of Makkah, the Jews of Madinah, and the hypocrites joined together in a great conspiracy against the Muslims. Their aim was to launch a joint attack and completely eliminate Islam.
In this critical situation, upon the advice of Salman al-Farisi (RA), it was decided to dig a wide trench on the northern side of Madinah, as the enemy could potentially enter from that direction.
The Prophet (ﷺ), along with all the Companions, personally took part in digging the trench. Despite severe cold, hunger, and hardship, they worked tirelessly. This difficult time tested the Muslims’ faith and patience.
On the other hand, an enemy army of more than ten thousand surrounded Madinah. They laid siege for over a month, but due to the trench they could not reach the Muslims. Gradually, by the help of Allah, a strong storm and confusion arose among them, causing the polytheists to become disheartened and leave Madinah.
10. Hudaibiya agreement.
In the 6th year after Hijrah, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), along with his Companions, set out toward Makkah with the intention of performing ‘Umrah. They intended to peacefully perform Tawaf of the Ka‘bah.
However, the Quraysh prevented them, and negotiations began between the two sides. Eventually, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was concluded. Certain conditions were set in this treaty. Despite some seemingly strict terms, it proved to be a strategic victory for Islam.
In the following two years, a large number of people embraced Islam.
11. Battle of Khaybar.
Khaybar Jews fortress of the Muslims for a serious threat is the takings. They are Islamic State of security and the expansion of the obstacles on the way cause they were doing.
Prophet ﷺ companions of leadership in the planned well operations conducted. Muslim forces, their courage, consistency and strategic skills with the castle were occupied. Muslim to win Muslim political and economic power increase.
After the war, the Muslim agricultural land and resources under the control brings the Muslim Ummah long-term welfare and state of the are used.
This victory of the Islamic State, the consistency and the Prophet ﷺ-of leadership success one of the important patterns in the history as marked.
12. Mecca victory.
Through the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the conquest of Khaybar, and other smaller expeditions, the Muslims advanced toward the victory of Islam. The Quraysh and other enemies were compelled to acknowledge their influence and respect. The dignity and political strength of the Muslims continued to grow.
In the 8th year after Hijrah, Makkah was conquered without bloodshed. The Quraysh leader Abu Sufyan eventually embraced Islam. This was an important moral and political victory for the Muslims. His acceptance of Islam encouraged many other tribes to embrace Islam as well.
The Prophet (ﷺ) granted a general pardon to all the people of Makkah.
“Today there is no blame upon you.”
13. The Farewell Hajj
Exodus the tenth year of the Prophet ﷺ went for Hajj in Mecca on the go. Ummah with last Hajj, earning the time he important moral, social and religious education of the. It is the Muslim Ummah for the final Muslim and policy guidance as well as remains.
This Hajj, he said, human rights, women's rights and Muslim Unity Principles announced.
He said, “I am leaving among you two things: the Qur’an and my Sunnah.”
14. The Passing of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)
He passed away on the 12th of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the 11th year after Hijrah. His final advice to the Ummah was: “Prayer, prayer, and good treatment of those under your care.”