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Fasting (Sawm) has been made obligatory (Fard) in the month of Ramadan because Allah Ta'ala has granted this month a special status, and it is closely connected with the greatest blessings (Ni'am) and guidance of Islam.
Reasons for Fasting Being Made Obligatory in the Month of Ramadan
In the Holy Qur'an, Allah Ta'ala says:
“The month of Ramadan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion.” — Surah Al-Baqarah 2:185
This verse demonstrates that the month of Ramadan was specially chosen because the Qur'an—the primary source of guidance for mankind—was revealed in this month.
In another verse, Allah says:
“O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous (attain Taqwa).”
— Surah Al-Baqarah 2:183
This verse indicates that the core purpose of fasting is to attain Taqwa (righteousness/fear of Allah). And the month of Ramadan is the most suitable time for this spiritual self-purification.